Gynaecology care
Dr Louise Hayes, our Consultant Gynaecologist has compiled a list of Frequently Asked Questions and Answers (FAQAs) about common gynaecological problems experienced by her patients.
Every woman’s body is unique. If you are experiencing persistent symptoms or have any women’s health concerns, we recommend you consult a gynaecologist for personalised care. It’s often the case that early intervention improves outcomes for most women’s health and gynaecological conditions.
Dr Louise Hayes is a Consultant Gynaecologist with over 25 years’ experience who sees patients aged between the ages of 16-80 years old who prefer a female doctor.
*These FAQs are for information only and are not a substitute for professional medical advice. It is important to always consult your own healthcare provider for specific guidance related to you.
About general gynaecological health
I’ve never visited a gynaecologist. What can I expect?
As a consultant gynaecologist I know that visiting a gynaecologist for the first time can be a bit daunting and sometimes a bit of an embarrassing prospect. I will do all I can to ensure your first visit is as comfortable as possible.
What are the most common gynaecological problems that women experience?
Common issues that I see most among my patients include menstrual irregularities, urinary tract infections (UTIs), yeast infections, bacterial vaginosis (BV), endometriosis, fibroids, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and menopause-related symptoms.
I’m in good health generally, how often should I schedule a gynaecological check-up?
I recommend annual check-ups for preventive care such as Pap Smears, pelvic exams or breast exams. Also, I always recommend seeing a doctor immediately if you experience any unusual symptoms like pelvic pain, irregular bleeding, or abnormal discharge.
I’m experiencing some vaginal discharge. Is vaginal discharge normal?
Yes, a clear or milky coloured discharge is completely normal. However, if you experience vaginal discharge that’s foul-smelling, green or yellow, itchy, or accompanied by pain it may indicate an infection in which case you should book a check-up with a doctor immediately.
About menstrual health
What causes heavy menstrual bleeding or heavy periods?
Heavy periods or heavy menstrual bleeding is also known as menorrhagia. The causes of heavy periods or heavy menstrual bleeding can include fibroids, hormonal imbalances, endometriosis, thyroid disorders, or other bleeding disorders. Treatments for heavy periods or heavy menstrual bleeding can include hormonal therapy or in some cases surgery.
Why are my periods irregular?
There are a number of causes of irregular periods or menstrual cycles. Contributory factors can include stress, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), thyroid issues, perimenopause, or extreme weight loss/gain. Tracking your menstrual cycles can help you and your doctor identify any patterns that may be relevant.
I’m suffering from severe menstrual cramps. How can I manage the pain?
Severe menstrual cramps are also known as dysmenorrhea. Over-the-counter pain relievers (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory) medication, heat therapy, hormonal birth control are among the things that can help relieve any painful symptoms. It may be that you require treatment for any underlying conditions like endometriosis.
What is PMS, and is it different from PMDD?
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) can occur before the onset of your period and can involve mood swings, bloating, and physical tiredness. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of PMS and can affect your mental health. If you think you may be suffering from PDD you should seek immediate medical help or advice from your healthcare provider.
Is it normal to miss a period occasionally?
The causes of occasional missed periods can include stress, over-exercising, illness, or weight changes. If you consistently miss your periods, you should consult your doctor or healthcare provider. If you miss your period after having unprotected sex, you should take a pregnancy test if you are unsure.
About women’s sexual health: Infections & STIs
Is there a difference between a yeast infection and Bacterial Vaginosis?
Yes, there is a difference between a yeast infection and Bacterial Vaginosis (BV). A yeast infection can cause thick, white discharge and itching, in and around your vagina. Bacterial Vaginosis leads to thin, grey-ish discharge that can have a fishy odour. As they are different conditions, they each may require different treatments such as antifungals or antibiotics.
How do I prevent Urinary Tract Infections or UTIs?
To avoid Urinary Tract Infections or UTIs I always recommend staying hydrated, (drink at least two litres of water each day), wear 100% cotton underwear, always wipe front to back, urinate after having sex, and avoid irritants like scented soaps. Cranberry juice or supplements may help relieve the symptoms in some women. It can be helpful to consult a nutritional therapist if you experience persistent UTIs.
How much water should I drink each day to stay healthy?
I recommend to all my patients to aim for around 2 to 2.5 litres (8-10 glasses) of fluid per day. This includes all non-alcoholic drinks and the moisture from food. The amount of fluid an individual needs will vary based on their overall health, health issues, exercise regime, environment and climate.
What are the symptoms of STIs such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea?
Many women experience no symptoms of chlamydia or gonorrhoea? The presence of chlamydia, or gonorrhoea can be indicated by abnormal discharge, pelvic pain, or bleeding between periods. If you experience any of these symptoms it’s important to seek medical help because untreated STIs may cause infertility.
How often should I get tested for STIs?
If you are a sexually active, I recommend testing once a year annually for chlamydia or gonorrhoea and a range of other STIs. If you experience any symptoms than you should test immediately. I recommend that sexually active women with multiple partners or those in new relationships should test every 3-6 months. If you or a sexual partner has symptoms, or if a partner tests positive, you should get tested immediately.
About reproductive issues
What is endometriosis?
Endometriosis occurs when uterine-like tissue grows outside the uterus, causing pain, infertility, and heavy periods. Treatment may include pain relievers, hormones, or in some cases surgery.
Can fibroids affect my pregnancy?
If untreated, larger fibroids may cause miscarriage, preterm labour, or complications with a baby’s delivery. If you are pregnant and suffer from fibroids consult your obstetrician who will monitor any issues.
What are ovarian cysts? Are they harmful or dangerous?
Most ovarian cysts are large, fluid-filled sacs attached to the ovaries. This type of ovarian cyst is quite common and often harmless with no or minor health implications. If you suffer from larger or ruptured cysts you should seek medical advice from your doctor or healthcare provider as they may cause pain.
Does PCOS always cause infertility?
No. While PCOS can disrupt ovulation, many women conceive normally with lifestyle changes, and/or medication such letrozole, or IVF.
What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?
PID is an infection of the reproductive organs, often from untreated STIs. Symptoms include pelvic pain, fever, and irregular bleeding. Prompt antibiotics are essential.
About contraception and fertility
Which birth control method do you recommend for heavy periods?
Birth control pills “the pill”, hormonal IUDs such as contraceptive coils, or contraceptive implants can reduce menstrual flow and are the most common methods of contraception I recommend to my patients.
Can I get pregnant straight after stopping my birth control?
Yes, some women do get pregnant immediately or very soon after stopping their birth control. In some cases, ovulation may take a few weeks or even months to resume. The timing can depend on the individual and the method of contraception used.
What are early signs of infertility?
Possible signs of infertility may include irregular menstrual cycles, painful periods. If you’re under 35 years old and you’ve been trying to conceive for 12 or more months or if you’re over 35 and been trying to conceive for 6 or more months without success than you can seek advice from your doctor, healthcare provider of fertility specialist.
About menopause and perimenopause
What are the most common symptoms of perimenopause?
The most common symptoms of perimenopause can include hot flushes, mood swings, irregular periods, vaginal dryness, and disturbed sleep. Hormone therapy or lifestyle changes can help. If you experience any of these symptoms or that you may be in the early stages of perimenopause then you should seek advice from your doctor, or healthcare provider.
How do I manage vaginal dryness after menopause?
Managing vaginal dryness after menopause is actually quite simple. I recommend to patients who experience vaginal dryness, the use of water-based lubricants, vaginal moisturizers, or low-dose oestrogen creams.
Does menopause increase the risk of heart disease?
Declining oestrogen levels can raise a woman’s cardiovascular risks. Before and during menopause, it’s important that you maintain a heart-friendly diet, regular exercise, and undergo regular blood pressure and cholesterol checks. If you are concerned about nutrition in menopause, you can seek advice from a doctor, healthcare provider or arrange a consultation with our nutritional therapist, Nia Ward.
About cervical or ovarian cancer screening
How often do I need a Pap smear?
All women aged between 21–65 should get a Pap smear test every 3 years, or with HPV co-testing every 5 years from age 30.
What are the signs of ovarian cancer?
Symptoms of ovarian cancer can include bloating, pelvic pain, feeling full very quickly, or the urgent need to pass urine. As the symptoms can vary and are in some cases very subtle, I recommend that all women aged between 21–65 should get a Pap smear test every 3 years, or with HPV co-testing every 5 years from age 30.
I have no family history of breast cancer, do I need a mammogram?
As most breast cancers occur in women without any family history of breast cancer, I recommend annual screening for breast cancer from the age of 40.
About pelvic pain & discomfort
Why am I suffering from pelvic pain?
Pelvic pain can be an indicator of health issues such as endometriosis, fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), or a number of musculoskeletal issues. If you are experiencing pelvic pain, then I recommend contacting your doctor or healthcare provider for a detailed examination and diagnosis.
I experience pain during sex, is this normal?
Pain during sex (also known as dyspareunia) is not normal. In women, painful sex can often be the result of an infection, vaginal dryness, or endometriosis. Painful sex can also be caused by psychological issues. If you are experiencing painful sex, then I recommend contacting your doctor or healthcare provider for a detailed examination and diagnosis.